vortigern facts ks2

-->; Features: Their homelands in Scandinavia often flooded so it was tough to grow enough food back there. This plan succeeded; and Vortigern, at the instigation of the devil, and enamoured with the beauty of the damsel, demanded her, through the medium of his interpreter, of the father, promising to give for her whatever he should ask. Far East .Take my advice, and you will never fear conquest by any man or any people, for my people are strong. The inscription on the Pillar of Eliseg, an mid-9th Century stone cross, gives the Brythonic variant of Vortigern: Guarthigern. I shall, my lord, obey your high command. Geoffrey identifies Hengest's daughter as Rowena. It seems certain that there existed a person called Vortigern, or at least, a person who held the title of Vortigern. It is believed that Vortigern was a title rather than his actual name. [2] This Guithelin/Vitalinus disappears from the story as soon as Vortigern arrives. The Historia Brittonum relates four battles occurring in Kent, apparently related to material in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (see below). The first writer to tell the story of Vortigern was the sixth century historian Gildas. 1.4 Historia Brittonum Ceint was the Saxons price. 1796. It's not just the same blood we share, but also the same interests. At the heart of many of the Arthurian legends are the artifacts, symbols and equipment used by King Arthur or the knights. He is a major character in two Jacobean plays, the anonymous The Birth of Merlin and Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent, first published in 1661. The true Vortigern may never be known but the ruler who invited the Saxons to Britain has been infamous for centuries. Wounded in battle, however, he was poisoned by his step-mother. Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or Celtic source. Even with the support of his brothers-in-law, who were now powerful rulers in Wales, Vortigerns grip on the country was still shaky; but when Severa died the situation worsened. Sign in. Even today, evidence of the Romans being here, can be seen in the ruins of Roman buildings, forts, roads, and baths can be found all over Britain. He invited two Jutes called Hengist and Horsa to Britain in AD449 and he paid them and their men to fight the Picts, but instead they turned on Vortigern and seized his kingdom. (Lesson for KS2) 2.00 ( 0) KS2History Who was Alfred the Great? Bridges in the United Kingdom Tower Bridge London Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Millennium Bridge (London) Humber Bridge Clifton Suspension Bridge Infinity Bridge Severn Bridge Forth Bridge Other Famous Bridges Sydney Harbour Bridge Golden Gate Bridge Brooklyn Bridge Rialto Bridge Bridge of Sighs (Venice) Check out our Rivers resources page. World History Encyclopedia. Chapters 3149 tell how Vortigern (Guorthigirn) deals with the Saxons and Saint Germanus of Auxerre. Hengist and Horsa. Vortigern is said to have been the leader of the British in only the first battle, the opponents in the next three battles variously called "British" and "Welsh" -- which is not unusual for this part of the Chronicle. A king named Vortigern, failing to receive any aid from Rome, invited Saxon . The rest of Nennius' account deals with Vortigern's feeble attempts to deal with the Saxons, his death, and the appearance of the hero Arthur who defeats the Saxons at the Battle of Badon Hill. Submitted by Joshua J. Bede mentions a monument to him in east Kent; Horstead, near Aylesford, may be named for him. But the Red signifieth the race of Britain that shall be oppressed of the White. The story of Vortigern adopted its best-known form in the Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Near East Hengist has arrived with his troops to help with the invasions but, according to Nennius, did not bring enough men. 1. The Saxons are presented as "heathens" who set about destroying the country as soon as they had driven out the Picts and Scots and are routinely described in animal imagery as ferocious dogs or lions. Between AD 380-400 Vortigern married Severa ferch Macsen (daughter of Magnus Maximus, the Roman general proclaimed emperor in Britain in 383, and responsible for large scale changes in the way Britain defended itself before he left to pursue his claim to the purple). 1.5 Other traditions Thus, it was left to Ambrosius Aurelianus to halt the Saxon advance. When Vortigern first sees Ronwen and falls in love with her, Geoffrey writes that Satan entered his heart and then elaborates: "Satan entering into his heart, I say, for that he, being a Christian, did desire to mate him with a heathen woman" (VI, 12). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Later, he married again. Gildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. Banner Header Easter. The second detail is his repetition that the visiting Saxons were "told by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same. Keep me signed in. Cite This Work Mark, published on 23 May 2017. I.27) (13th century) calls him Gurthigerno. As it happened, the Saxons are not depicted as having any concept of the practice and, having defeated the Picts and Scots, turned on the Britons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles sum up the situation in a single line: "A.D. 443. Updates? But his faith in the Holy Balaur was shaken the day he met Apollyon. Vortigern, also spelled Wyrtgeorn, (flourished 425-450), king of the Britons at the time of the arrival of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa in the 5th century. The Anglo-Saxons were a group of farmer-warriors who lived in Britain over a thousand years ago. Once Vortigern and Hengist have become related by marriage, the Saxon king makes more and more demands, all of which are met. If so, he never seems to have considered that a non-Celtic people might not know of the practice, or knowing of it, might not honor it. Ireland eventually admitted to the hoax and tried to publish the play by his own name, but had little success. Gildas also does not consider Vortigern as bad; he simply qualifies him as "unlucky" (infaustus) and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless. Nennius describes Hengist's reaction and the consequences: But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, perceiving he had to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating people, incapable of opposing much resistance, replied to Vortigern, "We are, indeed, few in number; but, if you will give us leave, we will send to our country for an additional number of forces, with whom we will fight for you and your subjects.". The Anglo-Saxons: James Campbell, Eric John, Patrick . These early histories, other than the Chronicles, are more or less consistent in depicting Vortigern as a thoughtless king who cared more about his own pleasure and comfort than the welfare of the people and who engaged in "pagan acts" in defiance of Christian values and morals. Estimates of when Vortigern came to power in Britain vary dramatically: possibly around 425, perhaps about 440-5. It was with the pen of Geoffrey of Monmouth that the story of Vortigern adopted its best-known form. You put me in that brothel. Here, the castle was miraculously struck by lightning and Vortigern burnt to death! Hengist eventually called for a peace conference on Salisbury Plain. Some historians argue that the Historia Brittonum took its material from a source close to the Chronicle. Bede also adds more information about these savages that Vortigern invited into Britain: he gives a name to their leaders, Hengest and Horsa; and specifically identifies their tribes, the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. Genealogical material about Vortigern's ancestry, including the names of his four sons (Vortimer, The story of why Vortigern granted land in Britain to the Saxons, first to, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 02:02. In about AD 425, the Government of Britain seems to have agreed to a man named Vortigern becoming ruler over the whole country. Appeals to Rome for help were in vain and so Vortigern, believing he could profit from the arrangement, invited Saxon assistance. The Romans invaded other countries too. [4] Bede also gives names in the Historia to the leaders of the Saxons, Hengist and Horsa, specifically identifying their tribes as the Saxons, Angles and Jutes (H.E., 1.1415). Vortigern, also spelled Wyrtgeorn, (flourished 425450), king of the Britons at the time of the arrival of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa in the 5th century. Writing soon before Geoffrey of Monmouth, William of Malmesbury added much to the unfavourable assessment of Vortigern: At this time Vortigern was King of Britain; a man calculated neither for the field nor the council, but wholly given up to the lusts of the flesh, the slave of every vice: a character of insatiable avarice, ungovernable pride, and polluted by his lusts. Excluding what is taken from Gildas, there are a number of traditions: It has been suggested that the saint mentioned here may be no more than a local saint or a tale that had to explain all the holy places dedicated to a St. Germanus or a "Garmon", who may have been a Powys saint or even a bishop from the Isle of Man about the time of writing the Historia Brittonum. The Anglo-Saxons were a mixture of different tribes who came from north Germany, Denmark, and the northern Netherlands. This is an important point, as it indicates that either at the time, or near that time, there were one or more Welsh kings who traced their genealogy back to Vortigern. Schekinov Alexey Victorovich (Public Domain). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A disagreement compelled the Saxons to break their promise to Vortigern, opening up Britain to Saxon domination. Bede also supplies the date, 449, which was traditionally accepted but has been considered suspect since the late 20th century: "Marcian being made emperor with Valentinian, and the forty-sixth from Augustus, ruled the empire seven years." His wife is not disclosed here, but he has sons: Vortimer, Catigern and Pascent, to which is added Faustus as an afterthought. [15], One of Vortigern's most notorious literary appearances is in the play Vortigern and Rowena, which was promoted as a lost work of William Shakespeare when it first emerged in 1796. The Chronicle says that Hengist began to reign in 455 and that he fought against the Britons; it implies that Hengist died in 488. Ky Belderrain - Graphic and Front-end Designer. Vortigern c sinh ra o quc Britain, anh trai ca Uther Pendragon. The fear of a Roman invasion suggests either great paranoia on Vortigerns part (the Romans had had no presence in Britain for years) or that there was very good reason (of which we are ignorant, today) to be concerned about a reappearance of Roman soldiers on the shores of Britain. Hengist manipulates the king by introducing him to his beautiful daughter Ronwen, getting him drunk, and then letting Vortigern think it was his own idea to marry the woman. Vortigern dreaded retribution, for the murder of his father and older brother, but Ambrosius was still young and the High-King could afford to defer any action for some years. He then tells them that, if they dismantle the tower, they will find a pool beneath it which is causing the problem. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. His meeting with Rowena became a popular subject in 17th-century engraving and painting, e.g. Scholar Geoffrey Ashe suggests that Vortigern may have simply been acting in accordance with standard Roman practice by employing federates to fight for his cause. 01 Mar 2023. A {text-decoration: none} His name was Myrddin Emrys, or Merlin for short. However, it was soon revealed as a literary forgery written by the play's purported discoverer, William Henry Ireland, who had previously forged a number of other Shakespearean manuscripts. King Vortigern believed the child and ordered his labourers to dig far into the mountain. Vortigern took refuge in the refortified hillfort of Trer Ceiri in Yr Eifl (the Rivals) in Lleyn, but Ambrosius pursued him and drove him south, via Nant Gwetheyrn and the sea to Ergyng and a wooden castle on the old hillfort of Caer-Guorthigirn (Little Doward) above Ganarew. Whatever his actual motivation may have been, Vortigern is routinely depicted in a negative light by later historians drawing on the above accounts. From their secure power-base, the Saxons then demanded more food and clothing to supply their increased numbers and Vortigern refused them, saying, we cannot give you more food and clothing for your numbers are grown. The Saxons, however, would not accept this answer. World History Encyclopedia. Last modified May 23, 2017. Geoffrey's Vortigern is a weak-willed man torn between the dictates of his professed religion and his own desires. Whatever Vortigern's motivation or personal weakness, he has been regarded as an archvillain for centuries. Constans' younger brothers, Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon were taken to Brittany by a relative. Other fortifications associated with Vortigern are at Arfon in Gwynedd, Bradford on Avon in Wiltshire, Carn Fadryn in Gwynedd, Clwyd in Powys, Llandysul in Dyfed, Old Carlisle in Cumberland, Old Sarum in Wiltshire, Rhayader in Powys, Snowdon and Stonehenge in Wiltshire. Vortigern eagerly agreed, but found that Hengist cut the hide into a lengthy thong that was able to encompass the whole city of Caer-Correi (Caistor, Lincs)! Vortigern meets MerlinSchekinov Alexey Victorovich (Public Domain). Many were killed during the ensuing battles, amongst them, Horsa & Vortigerns son, Catigern. The Saxon war tribes from Germany were hired to defend Britain. You cut me on the streets. Web. 3. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Vortigern was able to weasel his way to the crown by having King Arthurs uncle, Constans murdered. @import "../css/history_substyles.css"; Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, Dane Invasion, Alfred the Great, Social Order, Laws and Governme. Though the subject of many legends, he may probably be safely regarded as an actual historical figure. Merlin prophesied that Vortigern would be slain and followed on the throne by Ambrosius Aurelianus, then Uther, then a greater leader, Arthur. VORTIGERN. The Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons began in Kent, when the Monk Augustine arrived on a mission to spread Christianity. The play's crude writing, however, exposed it as a forgery, and it was laughed off stage and not performed again. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. (VII, 3). Two manuscripts name him: MS. A (Avranches MS 162, 12th century), refers to Uortigerno; and Mommsen's MS. X (Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. He is cited at the beginning of the genealogy of the early Kings of Powys. Vortigern and the Saxons As British society continued to break down, her people became evermore desperate to drive out the invaders.Archaeological evidence from this time indicates that in about the middle of the fifth century, three tribes known as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began entering Britain as permitted colonists, rather than raiders. 1095 - c. 1143, who claims he was a slave to his desires and easily manipulated), Geoffrey of Monmouth (l.c. 1117 Words; 5 Pages; The Legend Of The Magician. All these coincidences imply that Geoffrey duplicated the story of the invitation of the Saxons,[citation needed] and that the tale of Guithelinus the archbishop might possibly give some insight into the background of Vortigern before his acquisition of power. Related Content It is viewed as a kind of title given to him by his contemporaries, as at the time the name literally meant "Overlord" or the "Great King". Anglo-Saxons - KS2 History - BBC Bitesize The Anglo-Saxons were warrior-farmers and came from north-western Europe. Gildas adds two small details that suggest either he -- or his source -- received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. Rutherford cites the Welsh Annals which include him as one "of the three arrant traitors of the Island of Britain" (135), and William of Malmesbury, even though he claims the Britons felt helpless after Vortigern's death, still characterizes him as weak-willed and a slave to his own vices. He may have been a "high-king." It is thought by some that Vortigern is not a name at all, but a title, meaning "over king." Even his origins are disputed. Moser, Wolf, Diego de Silva Velzquez. Federates were barbarians who were promised land and some kind of stipend in return for military service. Vortigern's son Vortimer rebels and is victorious in a number of engagements before he is killed. Vortigern's actual name is unknown as are many details about his life. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. King Vortigern offers wine to Rowena at al fresco wedding feast. Modern scholars have debated the various details of Gildas' story. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. As the story goes it was the warlord Vortigern who invited the Jutes to help defend his kingdom against the Picts and in return gave them the land of Kent - either that or they just took it. The story of Whistle Down The Wind was written by Mary Hayley Bell, whose daughter Hayley Mills appeared in the film version with Alan Bates. As Rutherford points out, Vortigern may have thought the Saxons would understand the nature of his request and honor the policy of celsine or he may have thought he could use the old practice to control the Saxons somehow. 1.3 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, he states that they came in three cyulis (or "keels"), "as they call ships of war". Vortigern and Rowena. In chapter 37, Nennius describes Vortigern's welcome of the Saxons through the use of an interpreter named Ceretic, who has been identified with the Saxon king Cerdic. To do so, he arranges for continental soldiers to come to Britain. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Africa Sickened by the betrayal of his countrymen, Vortigerns eldest son, Vortimer, declared himself a rival British leader, raised an army and, for a short time, managed to stem the Saxon advance. His historicity is also confirmed by place names in Wales related to him. It claims that Vortigern's son Vortimer commanded the Britons against Hengest's Saxons. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Vortigern/. Europe British Isles March 15, 2018 by zteve t evans. No Saxon defeat is acknowledged, but the geographical sequence of the battles suggests a Saxon retreat and the Chronicle locates the last battle, dated to 465 in Wippedsfleot, the place where the Saxons first landed. (2017, May 23). Although there is no doubt that Geoffrey made up most of the book, it is still regarded as semi-historical in that some events can be corroborated by other sources. Constans proved a weak and unpopular puppet monarch and Vortigern ruled the country through him until he finally managed Constans' death by insurgent Picts.[6]. Vortigern invited the Jutish brothers named Hengest and Horsa to Britain. William does, however, add some detail, no doubt because of a good local knowledge, in De Gestis Regum Anglorum book I, chapter 23. These are made by the writer, naming interesting persons and calculating their dates, making several mistakes in the process. The most Vortigern families were found in USA in 1920. The pattern of barbarians hired as mercenaries turning on their former masters is repaeated all over the crumbling Roman Empire at this time. Vortigern escaped to set up a stronghold in the west. The two largest were the Angle and Saxon, which is how we've come to know them as the Anglo-Saxons today. [14], Vortigern's story remained well known after the Middle Ages, especially in Great Britain. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Top 10 facts. The Saxons had arrived! The place of their landing is said to have been Ebbsfleet in Kent, probably sometime around 450 A. As was clear from its crude writing, it was not the work of the famous playwright, and the play elicited ridicule and laughter from both cast and audience at its opening performance. The centerpiece of Ireland's collection was a tragedy entitled Vortigern, allegedly a newly discovered original work of Shakespeare's. The play received a single performance at London's Drury Lane theater on April 2, 1796, before being dismissed as a fake. support really is appreciated. We care about our planet! Therefore shall the mountains and the valleys thereof be made level plain and the streams of the valleys shall flow with blood. A number of calculations attempting to fix the year when Vortigern invited the Saxons into Britain. Vortigern assenting to this proposal, messengers were despatched to Scythia, where selecting a number of warlike troops, they returned with sixteen vessels, bringing with them the beautiful daughter of Hengist. British Isles "Vortigern." 425 (around) Vortigern became a leader of the Britons after taking the position from Constans, young son of Constantine II. The oldest known use of the dragon to represent Wales is from the Historia Brittonum, written around 830; the text describes a struggle between two serpents deep underground, which prevents King Vortigern from building a stronghold.This story was later adapted into a prophecy made by the wizard Myrddin (or Merlin) of a long fight between a red dragon and a . From the time Vortigern is first introduced his Christian values are questionable, and Geoffrey frequently associates him with Satan and darkness. Moreover, it claims that the Saxons were driven out of Britain, only to return at Vortigern's invitation a few years later, after the death of Vortimer. Horsa, Hengist's brother, was a 5th century warrior who took part in the settlement of Britain . The Historia Brittonum also records the massacre of the British nobles after the death of Vortemir and Vortigerns subsequent grant of Essex and Sussex to the invaders. of Britain in the 5th century at the invitation of Vortigern, a ruler of Britons,. Rutherford's claims make sense in light of the chaotic situation in Britain after Rome withdrew its legions. Merlin handed over to him the mountain site where Vortigern had failed to build, and it became his fort of Dinas Emrys. A ruler in Kent is subject to him, as are rulers in other regions. Vortigern was a 5th century ruler in Britain, more a warlord at the head of an army than a settled "king". Vortigern (/vrtdrn/;[1] Old Welsh: Guorthigirn, Guorthegern; Welsh: Gwrtheyrn; Old English: Wyrtgeorn; Old Breton: Gurdiern, Gurthiern; Irish: Foirtchern; Latin: Vortigernus, Vertigernus, Uuertigernus, etc. Vortigerns magicians told him to seek a boy with no father, born of the fairies. Hi, guys in this video I'll try to explain to you Who were the Saxons? ), brothers and legendary leaders of the first Anglo-Saxon settlers in Britain who went there, according to the English historian and theologian Bede, to fight for the British king Vortigern against the Picts between ad 446 and 454. Merlin is chosen as the sacrifice but, instead of submitting, defies the king, saying, "Bid thy wizards come before me and I will convict them of having devised a lie" (VI, 19). The stories preserved in the Historia Brittonum reveal an attempt by one or more anonymous British scholars to provide more detail to this story, while struggling to accommodate the facts of the British tradition. The History Files is a non-profit site. Later Britons made war on the newcomers, now established in Kent, and four battles were fought, in the last of which, according to the Historia Brittonum, the kings son Vortemir, their leading opponent, was slain. This year sent the Britons over sea to Rome, and begged assistance against the Picts; but they had none, for the Romans were at war with Attila, king of the Huns. None of these sources, clearly, hold him in very high regard. [8] The sources are obscure for the fifth century annals; however, an analysis of the text demonstrates some poetic conventions, so it is probable that they were derived from an oral tradition such as sagas in the form of epic poems.[9][10]. This cession was made without the knowledge of the king, Guoyrancgonus, who then reigned in Kent, and who experienced no inconsiderable share of grief from seeing his kingdom thus clandestinely, fraudulently, and imprudently resigned to foreigners. And yet history (not only of the 5th and 6th centuries, but over the longer span of record) tells of countless times when a ruler hired mercenaries to fight for him, only to have them turn on him and carve their own kingdom out of his. Rome was having problems of its own in 410 as the Goths had just sacked the city and the Western Roman Empire was tottering. Eventually the Saxons demanded that "their monthly allotments" should be increased, and when their demands were eventually refused, broke their treaty and plundered the lands of the Romano-British. Vortigern (known in Welsh as Gwrtheyrn and in some French sources as Vertigier), is the King of Britain who in story first settled the Saxons in Britain who afterwards conquered most of southern Britain. His first journey took him from Caer-Rebuti (Richborough) to Caer-Lundein (London) and Caer-Mincip (St.Albans), all in South-East England. Another point of debate has been exactly where in Britain Gildas meant with his words "on the eastern side of the island": could it be Kent, East Anglia, or the coast of Northumbria? The first to consider Gildas' account was Bede, who is highly praised by modern scholars for his scholarship and analysis. In addition, Monmouth states that Vortigern was the successor to Constans, the son of the usurping emperor Constantine III. His originally blonde hair has turned white to match his dragon form, though it keeps it's gold color near the ends. The brothers landed at "Wippidsfleet" (Ebbsfleet) and successfully drove off the invaders, whereupon they received a grant of land in Kent from Vortigern. The sixth book in the Kay Scarpetta series, from No. The Roman invasion began in 43 CE under the reign of Claudius, and Britain would be occupied until 410. Americas. In the accounts of Gildas and Bede, this is when Ambrosius Aurelianus appears to lead the people and free the land; in Nennius and Geoffrey, it is King Arthur. World History Encyclopedia. It is suggested that Vortigern is a title rather than a name. Vortigern rose to power is 443, after the young king Constans was murdered by his own Pictish bodyguards, hired by Vortigern. It was you. Some even believe that Vortigern was not his actual name. His children were: Vortigern a legendary 5th-century British king traditionally said to have invited the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa into Britain and to have married Hengist's daughter Rowena; according to Geoffrey of Monmouth 's chronicle he was defeated and killed by Ambrosius Aurelianus, leader of Romano-British resistance to the Saxon invasion. ; The Roman Empire began in 27 BC, and after that single emperors ruled, one after the other, until their deaths.The first emperor was Caesar Augustus. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. However, the numerous battles with hundreds of thousands of soldiers who savagely annihilate each other are clearly creations of Geoffrey's own unimaginative brain. Mark, Joshua J.. Thus the maid was delivered up to the king, who slept with her, and loved her exceedingly. 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In about AD 425, the Government of Britain seems to have been Ebbsfleet in,... Just the same blood we share, but had little success ; younger brothers, Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther.... Tough to grow enough food back there an archvillain for centuries motivation or personal,... His troops to help with the Saxons to Britain has been made to citation... The Legend of the usurping emperor Constantine III were the Saxons to Britain been! Here, the Saxon king makes more and more demands, all of which are met the were! Chaotic situation in a single line: `` A.D. 443 title rather than his motivation! Named Hengest and Horsa to Britain 's carbon footprint Vortigern: Guarthigern barbarians hired mercenaries... This video i & # x27 ; s not just the same blood we share, had! Are rulers in other regions known but the Red signifieth the race of Britain that be. Of Powys, the Government of Britain in the settlement of Britain,... 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