National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Ohayon M, Wickwire EM, Hirshkowitz M, Albert SM, Avidan A, Daly FJ, et al. Functional and Economic Impact of Sleep Loss and Sleep-Related Disorders. Other ES symptoms were considered only as secondary or accessory to sleep quantity. In older adults, napping has been linked16,17 to increased risk of mortality and to cognitive impairment. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Calhoun SL, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A. National sleep foundations sleep quality recommendations: first report. Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (2009). These important discrepancies were linked in part to the fact that ES had different definitions and was more or less restricted or extended throughout the questionnaires across the studies. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies First, a direct discriminant analysis (ie, all variables were entered at the same time into the model) was used, allowing the identification of variables that best discriminate between 2 groups (impairment/distress vs none). As many as 15.6% of the sample reported ES accompanied by at least 1 of these symptoms. At Sleep Foundation, we personally test every product featured in our reviews and guides. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This result is not surprising because the number of naps within the same day was closely correlated with the number of episodes of ES within the same day. Select which best describes your sleep challenges or goals: What elements of your sleep environment would you like to improve? Unemployed individuals, homemakers, and students were more likely to report ES and symptoms of ES than were daytime and shift workers. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders Third Edition (ICSD-3). 2012 Jan; 69(1): 7179. If you have ongoing or worsening problems with insufficient sleep or daytime sleepiness, working with your doctor is a good first step to getting relief. depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. Based on information from Lee, 2003. The most common coexisting conditions were mood and substance use disorders. Would you like email updates of new search results? National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information integrative review in the following databases: COCHRANE; SCOPUS; MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via Pubmed; LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and EMBASE (The Excerpta Medical Database). The distinction between the two is clear (now). See this image and copyright information in PMC. Prevalence of Hypersomnia Criteria by Sociodemographic Characteristics Among 15 929 Individualsa. When ES symptoms are added and the definition is restricted to recurrence within the same day accompanied by normal sleep duration, a minimum frequency of 3 times per week, and duration of ES of at least 3 months, the prevalence drops to 4.7% and further to 1.5% after applying the differential diagnosis (ie, eliminating sleep disorders that could be responsible for ES). are more frequently used to describe factors that reduce the quantity and/or quality of sleep and keep a person from waking up refreshed. microsleeps Briefly, the exhaustive CHAID method allows one to study the relationships between a dependent measure and a large series of possible predictor variables that might interact (ES symptoms). Reports of ES accompanied by naps were less frequent (7.8%), and taking 2 naps within the same day was even less common, affecting only 1.9% of the respondents. Such information is relevant to our evolving understanding of the nosology of hypersomnia disorder and its clinical and public health consequences. Cappuccio, F. P., DElia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. eCollection 2021. de Souza Carneiro C, Takao Lopes C, de Lima Lopes J, Batista Santos V, Bachion MM, de Barros AL. The interviews elicited information on ES, naps, frequency, duration, impairment, and distress associated with ES symptoms. WebAn alternate denominator, duration of the sleep episode (DSE), is suggested, where DSE = sleep onset latency (SOL) + TST + time awake after initial sleep onset but before the The problem with ES is its definition, which largely affects identification of its prevalence. Presentation of articles selected, Figure 2. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces & Mouthguards, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30452725/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073412/, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/sleep-deprivation-and-deficiency, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23008180/, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389945716301368, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22942500/, https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/public-education/brain-basics/brain-basics-understanding-sleep, https://journals.lww.com/co-cardiology/Abstract/2016/09000/Sleep__important_considerations_for_the_prevention.12.aspx, https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2009.23, https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3259, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861266/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28928187/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19910503/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22709334/, https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/drowsy_driving.html, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19958/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28983434/, Link Between Sleep Apnea and Heart Disease. An example would be sleep deprivation which simply means not getting enough sleep. Plagiarism is never tolerated. Life has changed considerably in the past century, both on a technological level (eg, the introduction of artificial lighting, personal computers, and the Internet) and a sociofamilial level (eg, greater importance given to leisure time and many families having both parents working outside the home). Nearly 60% were working; 16.9% were retired. WebSleep deprivation is a general term to describe a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, including voluntary or involuntary sleeplessness and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Logistic regressions were used to compute the odds ratios associated with ES symptoms. The term sleep deprivation refers to getting less than the needed amount of sleep, which, for adults, ranges from important findings related to clinical evidence and contributing factors of sleep were found in the review. Trusted Source Figure 1. We used logistic regression models to assess the associations between the positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder (criteria A, B, and C) and other sleep, psychiatric, and medical disorders (using DSM-IV-TR classifications for psychiatric disorders and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, for medical disorders). Trusted Source In sleep medicine, sleep deprivation is defined based on sleep duration, which is the total amount of time a person spends asleep. Since this was an epidemiologic study, we did not conduct laboratory testing to confirm diagnoses. The full manifestation of hypersomnia disorder (ie, criterion D, after all other sleep disorders that could be responsible for ES were eliminated: differential diagnosis) was observed in 1.5% of the sample (95% CI, 1.3%1.7%). Websleep disorders like insomnia, restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea use of medications or drugs In children and teens, causes of sleep deprivation can also include: the onset of puberty large adenoids and tonsils, which can cause breathing problems during sleep physiologic shift in sleep onset to later times of the night sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Finally, these 2 sets of analyses show that 3 criteria (A, B, and C) are needed for the positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder and another criterion (D) is necessary for the differential diagnosis. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California (Dr Ohayon); Centre de Rfrence Nationale Maladie RareNarcolepsie et Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Service de Neurologie, Hpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France (Dr Dauvilliers); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Reynolds), Correspondence: Maurice M. Ohayon, MD, DSc, PhD, Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3430 W Bayshore Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94303 (, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. Presentation of articles according to study title, methodological design, and objective. An operational definition is a description of how something operates or functions. eCollection 2021. The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders. Portuguese, Sleep deficiency may be caused by other sleep disorders or medical conditions. The overall participation rate was 83.2%. He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. The results confirmed those found with the discriminant function analysis. Sleep deprivation Products or services advertised on this page may be offered by an entity that is affiliated with us. Medical Definition of Sleep. More observably, the eyes close and the brain enters into a state of unconsciousness, either completely or partially. . It is estimated25 that approximately 1% of the general population has episodes of confusional arousal. Our study shows the benefit of using more descriptive dimensions to assess symptomatology, such as chronicity, severity, comorbidity, and age. Accessibility (2012). When the frequency of symptoms was set at 3 or more days per week for at least 3 months despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7 hours (criterion B), the prevalence dropped to 4.7% of the sample (95% CI, 4.4%5.0%). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Chronic insufficient sleep often occurs when people choose to sacrifice sleep in favor of work, leisure, or other obligations. Our findings support our initial assumption that daytime wakefulness difficulties occurring with a normal sleep duration are a good indicator, increasing the prevalence of hypersomnia disorder. Martikainen K, Hasan J, Urponen H, Vuori I, Partinen M. Daytime sleepiness: a risk factor in community life. Sleep duration was shorter than 6 hours for 26.1% of individuals who reported ES (2.9% of the sample). The third of these criteria (C) is that hypersomnia is accompanied by significant distress or impairment in cognitive, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. To our knowledge, this study is the first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder in the US general population. PMC In order to do so, it was necessary to choose a definition of sleep quality as a basis for discussion. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. While both insomnia and sleep deprivation involve failing to get enough sleep, many experts in sleep science make a distinction between them. An official website of the United States government. Understanding this condition, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment can put you in a better position to ensure that youre getting the sleep you need. Finally, confusional arousal (or sleep drunkenness) occurring at least 3 times a week was reported by 7.7% of the sample (Table 2). The use of at least 2 episodes of sleepiness within the same day allowed identification of individuals for whom the problem was recurrent not only within the week but also within the same day and who were more likely to experience impairment/distress. The supporting entity has not seen the manuscript and had no role in the decision to submit it for publication. Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. Two previous studies7,8 that used DSM-IV and ICSD-97 classifications reported the prevalence of hypersomnia disorder to be approximately 0.3%. Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty with falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes (NINDS). the definitions will help nurses in their practice in the collection of information, in the determination of the nursing diagnosis studied here, and in directing care measures with respect to quantity and quality of sleep of Acute Coronary Syndrome inpatients. This may involve reviewing a sleep diary or taking a sleep questionnaire that offers a detailed look at sleep patterns and daytime symptoms. The presence of an excessive quantity of sleep has usually been assessed by asking participants whether they were getting too much sleep.1719 However, there is only a small association between a positive answer to this question and sleep duration.5, A report of ES accompanied by confusional arousal(sleep drunkenness) was common (4.4%) in our sample. The site is secure. Excessive sleepiness was accompanied by the presence of naps in 28% of cases (7.8% of the sample). Although most healthy individuals require approximately 7 hours of sleep during the main sleep episode to be refreshed and alert during daytime, many people curtail their sleep to meet social, vocational, and economic demands. Conceptual and Operational Definitions of the Defining Characteristics and Related Factors of the Diagnosis Ineffective Health Management in People With Heart Failure. For example, a person who decides to stay up late to binge-watch a TV series may experience acute sleep deprivation. Individuals with hypersomnia disorder had daytime naps nearly every day regardless of the nocturnal sleep duration.21, Confusional arousal is less common; it has been observed in between 36% and 50% of individuals with hypersomnia disorder, but it is highly specific to hypersomnia disorder (ie, it is uncommonly observed in other disorders).20,21,26 Short naps (<30 minutes) are often unrefreshing.21,26,27. A recent literature review5 reported that studies presenting a prevalence of ES occurring at least 3 times per week ranged from 4% to 20.6%. Reports of ES accompanied by unrefreshing, long main sleep episodes are not frequent: we found only 0.7% of the general population with this symptom. Sleep and immune function. 2017 Dec 21;25:e2973. to present the knowledge produced about sleep and Acute Coronary Syndrome in order to assist in the elaboration of the operational and conceptual definitions of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis Disturbed Sleep Pattern (00198). For some individuals with hypersomnia disorder, the duration of the major sleep episode (for most individuals, nocturnal sleep) is 9 hours or more. These include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, academic and medical associations, and interviews with credentialed medical experts and practitioners. Billiard M, Dauvilliers Y. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Other medical or mental health problems, such as pain or general anxiety disorder, can interfere with the quality and quantity of sleep. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health. Children and teens need even more nightly sleep than adults. Effects of acute sleep deprivation on state anxiety levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute. The proportion of individuals with impairment or distress associated with ES was the highest when confusional arousal occurred at least 5 days per week. Multiple factors can cause or contribute to sleep deprivation including poor sleep hygiene, lifestyle choices, work obligations, sleep disorders, and other An interview could be completed with more than 1 telephone call when it exceeded 60 minutes or at the request of the participant. ES indicates excessive sleepiness. Method: Sleep, 42(2), zsy221. the ratio of total sleep time (TST) to time in bed (TIB), plays Participants ranged in age from 18 to 102 years, with a mean (SD) age of 45.8 (17.9) years. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. that's the right answer po Advertisement Answer Sleep health, 1(1), 4043. Accessibility When there was no report of easily falling asleep almost everywhere, the presence of 1 daily episode of ES, together with the presence of confusional arousal at least 3 mornings per week or moderate to severe sleepiness at least 3 days per week, also predicted impairment/distress. Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., Taylor, J., Troxel, W. M., & van Stolk, C. (2017). Duration of night sleep and cognitive performance of community older adults. Objective: Accessed 2 Mar. The Sleep-EVAL knowledge-based expert system11,12 was used to conduct the interviews. At the reporting and symptoms (criterion A) levels, ES was more prevalent among women than men. The site is secure. Trusted Source Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. Inconsistency in operationally defining sleep efficiency (SE) creates confusion with regard to the conceptualization and use of the construct by researchers and clinicians. One limitation of this study is that the results are based on subjective reports. National Library of Medicine Our data also indicate that ES was frequently reported when nocturnal sleep duration fell below the normal length of 7 hours,15 suggesting the presence of another type of sleep disorder, such as insomnia or insufficient sleep. People who are sleep deprived are more likely to struggle in school and work settings or to experience mood changes that may affect personal relationships. Ohayon MM. 2021 Apr 16;74(2):e20190684. That amount also changes with age. Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. 2023. (2014). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Consistent with an early report from Ford and Kamerow,18 who observed that ES is a risk factor for subsequent appearance of mood and substance use disorders, we also noted that the main comorbidity of hypersomnia disorder is mood and substance use disorders rather than medical or physical illness (with the exception of chronic pain, which often coexists with depression). The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. Validity here refers to if the researchers are actually measuring what they intended to measure. Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, Walsh JK. Help Us Connect You To A Better Nights Sleep. Results were based on weighted numbers and percentages. , a problem that has only worsened in recent years. Sleep deprivation is often driven by voluntary choices that reduce available sleep time. Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee. 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Of the Diagnosis Ineffective health Management in people with heart Failure decision submit!